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1 категорический отказ
1. flat refusalсогласие на … или отказ в … — the grant or refusal of …
2. flat denialотказ в праве; умаление права — denial of right
3. square refusalРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > категорический отказ
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2 отказ
1. failure[lang name="Russian"]типичный отказ; отказ общего характера — common-mode failure
[lang name="Russian"]множество отказов; множество неудачных исходов — failure set
2. refusal[lang name="Russian"]согласие на … или отказ в … — the grant or refusal of …
3. abandoning -
3 быть равносильным отказу
General subject: amount to a refusalУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > быть равносильным отказу
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4 equivaler
v.1 to be equivalent (ser igual).300 pies equivalen a unos 90 metros 300 feet are equivalent to 90 metersun dólar equivale a 100 centavos there are 100 cents in a dollar2 to amount, to be equivalent.aquello equivaldría a una rendición incondicional that would amount to an unconditional surrender* * *1 (ser igual) to be equivalent (a, to), be equal (a, to)2 (significar) to be tantamount (a, to), amount (a, to), mean (a, -)* * *verb1) to be equal to, be equivalent to2) correspond* * *VIequivaler a — to be equivalent to, be equal to; [en grado, nivel] to rank as, rank with
* * *verbo intransitivoa) ( ser igual)¿a cuánto equivalen mil pesetas en libras? — how much is a thousand pesetas equivalent to o worth in pounds?
b) (suponer, significar)equivaler a algo — to be equivalent to something, to amount to something
eso equivale a decir que... — that's equivalent to saying that...
* * *Ex. = is equivalent to UF; - is equivalent to Use; < is equivalent to BT, > is equivalent to NT; -- is equivalent to RT.----* equivaler a = amount to.* * *verbo intransitivoa) ( ser igual)¿a cuánto equivalen mil pesetas en libras? — how much is a thousand pesetas equivalent to o worth in pounds?
b) (suponer, significar)equivaler a algo — to be equivalent to something, to amount to something
eso equivale a decir que... — that's equivalent to saying that...
* * *Ex: = is equivalent to UF; - is equivalent to Use; < is equivalent to BT, > is equivalent to NT; -- is equivalent to RT.
* equivaler a = amount to.* * *vi1 (valer lo mismo) equivaler A algo to be equivalent TO sth¿a cuánto equivalen mil euros en libras? how much is a thousand euros in pounds?, how much is a thousand euros equivalent to o worth in pounds?2 (suponer, significar) equivaler A algo to be equivalent TO sth, to amount TO sthsu negativa equivale a un insulto his refusal is as good as o amounts to an insulteso equivale a decir que el fin justifica los medios that's equivalent to saying o that's as good as saying that the end justifies the means* * *
equivaler ( conjugate equivaler) verbo intransitivo equivaler a algo to be equivalent to sth;◊ ¿a cuánto equivalen mil euros en libras? how much is a thousand euros equivalent to o worth in pounds?
equivaler verbo intransitivo to be equivalent [a, to]
' equivaler' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
significar
- representar
English:
amount to
- correspond
- equal
- equivalent
- amount
- tantamount
* * *equivaler vi1. [ser igual] to be equivalent (a to);300 pies equivalen a unos 90 metros 300 feet are equivalent to 90 metres;un dólar equivale a 100 centavos there are 100 cents in a dollar2. [significar] to amount, to be equivalent (a to);aquello equivaldría a una rendición incondicional that would amount to an unconditional surrender;eso equivale a decir que todos los hombres son machistas that's tantamout to saying that all men are male chauvinists* * *v/i be equivalent (a to)* * *equivaler {84} vi: to be equivalent* * *equivaler vb1. (valer) to be equivalent2. (significar) to amount to -
5 en el caso de
= for, in association with, in the case of, in the event of, in case of, in the context ofEx. For newly created authority entries the date recorded is the date the entry was created.Ex. Notices conveying, for example, the essential elements of the catalogue are likely to be especially important in association with microfilm or card catalogues.Ex. The same thing happended in the case of the British refusal to go along with the American compromises in the last revision.Ex. In the event of a serious accident (a fire, deliberate destruction, or a computer error) nothing will happen to the records vital to the operation of the library.Ex. The induction course will give all the necessary employment details relating to such matters as the amount of leave entitlement, insurance stoppages, what to do in case of sickness, etc..Ex. The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter.* * *= for, in association with, in the case of, in the event of, in case of, in the context ofEx: For newly created authority entries the date recorded is the date the entry was created.
Ex: Notices conveying, for example, the essential elements of the catalogue are likely to be especially important in association with microfilm or card catalogues.Ex: The same thing happended in the case of the British refusal to go along with the American compromises in the last revision.Ex: In the event of a serious accident (a fire, deliberate destruction, or a computer error) nothing will happen to the records vital to the operation of the library.Ex: The induction course will give all the necessary employment details relating to such matters as the amount of leave entitlement, insurance stoppages, what to do in case of sickness, etc..Ex: The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter. -
6 équivaloir
équivaloir [ekivalwaʀ]➭ TABLE 29 intransitive verbto be equivalent (à to)• ça équivaut à dire que... it amounts to saying that...* * *ekivalwaʀverbe transitif indirectéquivaloir à — to be equivalent to [quantité]; to amount to [effet]; to be tantamount to [effet négatif]
* * *ekivalwaʀ vtéquivaloir à (= être égal à) — to be equivalent to, (= représenter) to amount to
* * *équivaloir verb table: valoirA équivaloir à vtr ind to be equivalent to [quantité]; to amount to [effet]; to be tantamount to [effet négatif]; ça équivaut à un refus/à refuser it's tantamount to a refusal/to refusing.B s'équivaloir○ vpr les deux solutions s'équivalent there isn't much to choose between the two solutions; ça s'équivaut! it's six of one and half a dozen of the other.[ekivalwar]équivaloir à verbe plus préposition[être égal à] to be equal ou equivalent to[revenir à] to amount to————————s'équivaloir verbe pronominal (emploi réciproque) -
7 equivalere
equivalere v. intr. to be equivalent, to be equal in value, to be tantamount; to be the same as: questo equivale a dire che..., that is the same as saying that...; la tua risposta equivale a un rifiuto, your reply is tantamount to a refusal.◘ equivalersi v.rifl.rec. to be equivalent, to be equal in value; to come* to the same thing; to have the same meaning: i due metodi si equivalgono, the two methods come to the same thing; parole che si equivalgono, words that have the same meaning; questi oggetti si equivalgono, these objects are equal in value.* * *1. [ekwiva'lere]vb irreg viequivalere a — (valore) to be equivalent to, (affermazione) to be tantamount to
equivale a dire che... — that is the same as saying that...
2. vr (equivalersi)(uso reciproco: forze) to counterbalance each other, (soluzioni) to amount to the same thing* * *[ekwiva'lere] 1.verbo intransitivo (aus. essere, avere)equivalere a — to be equivalent to [ quantità]; to amount to [ effetto]; to be tantamount to [effetto negativo, rifiuto]
2) (corrispondere) to correspond (a to)2.verbo pronominale equivalersi to be* equivalent, to be* the same* * *equivalere/ekwiva'lere/ [96](aus. essere, avere)1 (avere lo stesso valore) equivalere a to be equivalent to [ quantità]; to amount to [ effetto]; to be tantamount to [effetto negativo, rifiuto]; equivalere a fare to be as much as to do2 (corrispondere) to correspond (a to)II equivalersi verbo pronominaleto be* equivalent, to be* the same. -
8 opposer
opposer [ɔpoze]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verba. [+ équipes, joueurs] to bring together ; [+ rivaux, pays] to bring into conflict (à with ) ; [+ idées, personnages, couleurs] to contrast (à with)• le match opposant l'équipe de Lyon à celle de Caen the match in which the Lyon team is pitted against Caenb. ( = utiliser comme défense) [+ raisons] to put forward (à to)• opposer qch à qn/qch [+ armée, tactique] to set sth against sb/sth• que va-t-il opposer à notre proposition ? what objections will he make to our proposal?2. reflexive verba. (mutuellement) [équipes, joueurs] to confront each other ; [rivaux, partis] to clash (à with ) ; [opinions, théories] to conflict ; [couleurs, styles] to contrast (à with ) ; [immeubles] to face each otherb. ( = se dresser contre) s'opposer à [+ parents] to rebel against ; [+ mesure, mariage, progrès] to oppose* * *ɔpoze
1.
1) ( poser en obstacle) to put up [résistance, argument]2) ( mettre en compétition)3) ( séparer) [litige] to divide [personnes]4) ( comparer) to compare (à to, with)
2.
s'opposer verbe pronominal1) ( ne pas accepter)s'opposer à quelque chose — ( montrer son désaccord) to be opposed to something; ( désapprouver activement) to oppose something
ils s'opposent fermement à ce que l'usine se construise — they are strongly opposing the building of the factory
2) ( empêcher)s'opposer à — to stand in the way of [développement, changement]
3) ( contraster) to contrast ( with à)4) ( diverger) [idées, opinions] to conflict; [personnes] to disagree; [partisans] to be divided5) ( s'affronter) [équipes] to confront each other* * *ɔpoze vt1) (mettre en compétition ou conflit) [personnes, armées, équipes] to opposeTout les oppose. — They're divided on everything.
opposer qn à qn [match, rencontre] — to pit sb against sb
Ce match oppose les Français aux Allemands. — This match pits the French against the Germans.
2) (= mettre vis-à-vis) [meubles, objets] to put opposite each other3) (pour comparer, contraster) [livres, avantages] to contrast, [couleurs, termes, tons] to contrastopposer qch à (comme obstacle, défense) — to set sth against, (comme objection) to put sth forward against
* * *opposer verb table: aimerA vtr1 ( poser en obstacle) to put up [résistance, argument]; opposer un refus à qn to refuse sb; opposer son veto à qch to veto sth; opposer un démenti à qch to deny sth, to issue a denial to sth sout; opposer que fml to object that;2 ( mettre en compétition) to match ou pit [sb] against [personne, équipe]; la finale opposait deux Américains the final was between two Americans; un match amical opposera les élèves aux or et les professeurs students and teachers will meet in a friendly;3 ( séparer) [litige, problème] to divide [personnes]; tout les oppose they're divided on everything; ce qui les oppose what they're divided on; le conflit qui a opposé les deux pays the conflict which set the two countries against each other;4 ( comparer) to compare (à to, with); il serait ridicule d'opposer Einstein à Newton it would be ridiculous to set Einstein beside Newton ou to compare Einstein to Newton; si l'on oppose la somme de travail fourni et le résultat if one sets the amount of work done off against the result, if one compares the amount of work done to the result.B s'opposer vpr1 ( ne pas accepter) s'opposer à qch ( montrer son désaccord) to be opposed to sth; ( désapprouver activement) to oppose sth; ils s'opposent fermement à ce que l'usine se construise they are strongly opposing the building of the factory;2 ( empêcher) s'opposer à to stand in the way of [développement, changement]; plus rien ne s'oppose à notre réussite nothing stands in the way of our success; le temps s'opposait à la marche de l'expédition the weather hindered the progress of the expedition;3 ( contraster) to contrast (with à); leur optimisme béat s'oppose aux prévisions économiques their smug optimism contrasts with the economic forecasts;4 ( diverger) [idées, opinions] to conflict; [personnes] to disagree; [partisans, clans] to be divided; deux théories s'opposent à ce sujet two theories conflict on this matter;5 ( s'affronter) [équipes, concurrents] to confront each other; les deux joueurs s'opposeront en demi-finale the two players will confront each other in the semifinals.[ɔpoze] verbe transitif1. [objecter - argument]elle m'a opposé qu'elle n'avait pas le temps de s'en occuper she objected that she didn't have time to take care of it2. [mettre en confrontation]3. PHYSIQUEa. (sens propre) to resist, to be resistant4. [disposer vis-à-vis] to set ou to place opposite each other————————s'opposer à verbe pronominal plus prépositionle règlement/ma religion s'y oppose it goes against the rules/my religionles conditions météo s'opposent à toute navigation aérienne aujourd'hui weather conditions are making flying inadvisable todayje m'oppose à ce que tu reviennes I'm against ou opposed to your coming back[être en désaccord avec]je m'oppose à lui sur la politique étrangère I'm against him ou I oppose him on foreign policyil s'opposera ce soir au président dans un débat télévisé he'll face the president tonight in a televised debate3. [contraster avec - couleur, notion, mot] to be the opposite of -
9 offen
offen adj 1. COMP open-ended, open; 2. GEN open; above board (rechtlich zulässig); plain-spoken, frank (Aussprache); 3. V&M over-the-counter, OTC* * *adj 1. < Comp> open-ended, open; 2. < Geschäft> open, rechtlich zulässig above board, Aussprache plain-spoken, frank; 3. <V&M> over-the-counter (OTC)* * *offen
(Ausschreibung) unlimited, (nicht chiffriert) uncoded, (eisfrei) open, clear, unblocked, (öffentlich) public, (sichtbar) apparent, visible, (Stelle) vacant, running, (Straße) clear, (nicht versiegelt) unsealed;
• offen stehend (Rechnung) open, unliquidated, unsettled, outstanding;
• Tür zu weiteren Verhandlungen offen halten to keep the door open for further negotiations;
• Frage offen lassen to leave a question undecided;
• offen legen to disclose, to reveal;
• vertrauliche Geschäftsabschlüsse offen legen to disclose secret transactions;
• noch offen stehen (Rechnung) to remain unpaid, to be outstanding;
• Wein offen verkaufen to sell wine on draught;
• offene Absage point-blank refusal;
• offene Bauweise detached building;
• offener Bestand (Abschreibungsmethode) open-end account;
• offene Datei (Computer) open file;
• offenes Depot safe custody (Br.) (custodianship, US) account;
• offener Dissens patent ambiguity;
• offenes Giro blank indorsement (endorsement);
• offener Güterwagen platform carriage (car, US), flat (gondola) car (US), goods truck (Br.), lorry (Br.);
• offene Handelsgesellschaft general (ordinary, US) partnership;
• offen stehendes Konto unsettled account;
• offene Kreditlinie unused credit line (US) (limit, Br.);
• offener Laden open shop;
• offener Markt open market;
• offene [laufende] Police floating (open, Br.) policy;
• offener Posten unpaid item, uncovered amount;
• offene-Posten-Buchführung open-item system;
• offene Rechnung current (running) account, (nicht bezahlt) unsettled account;
• offene Reserven (Rücklagen) declared (open) reserves;
• offener Scheck open cheque (Br.);
• auf offener See in the open sea, in mid-ocean;
• offene Stelle vacancy, vacant post;
• offene Stellen nicht mehr besetzen to freeze vacancies;
• Politik der offenen Tür betreiben (international) to open a door to agreements of international affairs;
• offene Verbindlichkeiten outstanding debts;
• offen ausgelegte Ware open display;
• offener Wechsel blank bill;
• offener Wettbewerb free-for-all, pure competition (US);
• offenes Zahlungsziel open terms;
• offene Zession absolute assignment. -
10 netto
clean( chiaro) clearreddito, peso netinterrompere qualcuno di netto break in on s.o.* * *netto agg.1 (spec. fig.) clean, spotless: coscienza netta, clean conscience // (mar.) patente netta, clean bill of health2 ( preciso) clean, clear, clear-cut, sharp: un colpo netto, a clean blow; contorni netti, clear (o sharp) outline; divisione netta, clear-cut division; la sagoma della casa si stagliava netta sullo sfondo, the house stood out clearly (o sharply) against the background; (fot.) immagine netta, sharp image; un taglio netto, a clean cut; un netto rifiuto, a definite refusal; una netta presa di posizione, a definite stand; la squadra ha dimostrato la sua netta superiorità, the team showed its clear (o marked) superiority; avere una visione netta del futuro, to have a clear vision of the future3 (comm., econ.) net, clear: ammontare netto, net (o clear) amount; peso netto, net weight; prezzo netto, net price; stipendio netto, net salary (o fam. take-home pay); investimento netto, net investment; utile netto, net profit; ricavo netto, net proceeds (o amer. net avails); guadagnare mille euro netti, to earn one thousand euros net; ottenere un alto profitto netto, to net a fat profit◆ avv. ( chiaramente) plainly: parlare chiaro e netto, to speak out; dire chiaro e netto, to say straight out // di netto, clean through: si è spezzato di netto, it broke clean off; con un colpo tagliò di netto il ramo, with one blow he cut clean through the branch; tagliare (di) netto con qlcu., to make a clean break with s.o. // (comm.) al netto, net: al netto d'imposta, after-tax (o post-tax); profitto al netto d'imposta, after-tax profit; questo è il mio reddito al netto delle spese, this is my net income.* * *['netto] netto (-a)1. agg1) (pulito) clean2) (chiaro: contorni, immagine) clear, sharp, clear-cut, (deciso: rifiuto, vittoria) clear, definite3) (stipendio, peso) net2. smal netto delle tasse — after tax, net of tax
3. avv* * *['netto] 1.1) [prezzo, utile, peso] netun utile netto di 50.000 euro — an income of net 50,000 euros
2) (notevole) [cambiamento, aumento, miglioramento] marked, definite, decided3) (chiaro, preciso) [contorno, profilo] clear(-cut); [ immagine] clear, sharp; [differenza, distinzione] sharpavere la -a sensazione che — to have the distinct impression that, to have a definite feeling that
4) (risoluto, inequivocabile) [taglio, spaccatura] clean; [ contrasto] sharp; [ rifiuto] flat, straight; [ vittoria] clear5) (pulito) [casa, tovaglia] neat2.3.tagliare qcs. di netto — to cut sth. cleanly; (mozzare) to cut sth. off
sostantivo maschile amm. econ.al netto delle imposte — after-tax, net of tax
* * *netto/'netto/1 [prezzo, utile, peso] net; un utile netto di 50.000 euro an income of net 50,000 euros; il suo peso netto è di 5 chili it weighs 5 kilos net; in dieci minuti -i in ten minutes flat2 (notevole) [cambiamento, aumento, miglioramento] marked, definite, decided3 (chiaro, preciso) [contorno, profilo] clear(-cut); [ immagine] clear, sharp; [differenza, distinzione] sharp; avere la -a sensazione che to have the distinct impression that, to have a definite feeling that4 (risoluto, inequivocabile) [taglio, spaccatura] clean; [ contrasto] sharp; [ rifiuto] flat, straight; [ vittoria] clear5 (pulito) [casa, tovaglia] neatII avverbioIII sostantivo m.amm. econ. al netto delle imposte after-tax, net of tax. -
11 обязательство
сущ.commitment; liability; obligation; undertaking; юр тж engagementбрать (принимать) на себя обязательство — to assume (take upon oneself, undertake) a commitment (an obligation); bind (commit, pledge) oneself (to + inf); contract a liability; enter into a commitment (an engagement); incur (contract) a liability; undertake (to + inf)
брать (принимать) на себя обязательство не препятствовать эффективному осуществлению этого права — to undertake not to hinder the effective exercise of this right
брать (принимать) на себя обязательство придерживаться окончательного решения суда — to undertake to abide by (adhere to) the final judgement of the court
возлагать обязательство — (на) to impose (lay) a commitment (an obligation) (on)
выполнять обязательство — to carry out (comply with, discharge, fulfil, meet, perform) one's commitment (obligation)
(добросовестно) выполнять свои международные обязательства — to discharge (fulfil) (faithfully / in good faith) one's international commitments (obligations)
нарушать (не выполнять) обязательство — to default (on) (fail to comply with / honour) one's commitment (liability, obligation)
обеспечивать выполнение договорных обязательств — to ensure (secure) compliance with (observance of) contractual commitments (obligations)
освобождать от обязательства — to discharge (free, release) from a commitment (a liability, an obligation)
отказываться от обязательства — to deny (evade, renounce) a commitment (a liability, an obligation)
погашать обязательство — фин to repay an obligation
полностью и добросовестно соответствовать обязательствам, возложенным на них Уставом ООН — to comply fully and in good faith with the commitments (obligations) placed upon them by the UN Charter
связывать кого-л обязательством — to bind smb by (lay / place smb under) a commitment (an obligation); obligate; oblige (to + inf)
уклоняться от выполнения договорных обязательств — to evade the execution (fulfilment, performance) of contractual commitments (obligations)
замена обязательства — ( новация) novation
нарушение (невыполнение) обязательства — breach (impairment, non-performance, violation) of one's commitment (obligation); default; failure to comply with one's commitment (obligation); ( встречных обязательств по договору) non-performance of reciprocal obligations under a contract
невозможность выполнения своих обязательств — impossibility of execution (fulfilment, performance) of one's commitments (obligations)
невыполнение договорных обязательств — non-execution (non-fulfilment, non-performance) of contractual commitments (obligations); ( умышленное) wilful default
не связанный обязательством — unbound; uncommitted; unengaged
односторонний отказ от исполнения обязательства — unilateral refusal to fulfil (perform) an obligation
освобождение от обязательства — discharge (release) from a commitment (from a liability, an obligation)
ответственность за нарушение обязательства — liability for the breach (impairment, non-performance, violation) of one's commitment (obligation)
последствия прекращения или неисполнения обязательства — consequences of termination or non-performance of an obligation
прекращение обязательств — termination of commitments (of obligations); ( зачётом by a setoff); (ликвидацией юридического лица by liquidation of a legal entity / person); ( невозможностью исполнения by impossibility of performance)
соблюдение договорных обязательств — adherence to (compliance with, observance of) contractual commitments (obligations)
обязательства, возникающие из односторонних сделок — obligations arising from (out of) unilateral contracts (transactions)
обязательства, вытекающие из договоров — commitments (obligations) arising from (out of) treaties
обязательства, подлежащие оплате по предъявлении — sight liabilities
обязательства сторон по контракту — commitments (liabilities, obligations) of the parties under a contract
обязательство, взятое без встречного удовлетворения — naked promise
обязательство, возникающее вследствие недобросовестной конкуренции — obligation arising from (out of) unfair competition
обязательство, возникающее вследствие причинения вреда — obligation arising from (out of) causing (infliction of) damage (harm)
обязательство заёмщика возвратить сумму займа — borrower's obligation to return the amount of a loan
добросовестное выполнение обязательства — fulfilment in good faith of a commitment (of an obligation)
- обязательство в натурекраткосрочные обязательства, текущие обязательства — current (floating, short-term) liabilities
- обязательство возместить убытки
- обязательство в форме документа за печатью
- обязательство за счёт должника
- обязательство, имеющее исковую силу
- обязательство, имеющее обязательную силу
- обязательство, не имеющее исковой силы
- обязательство о непредъявлении иска - деликтное обязательство
- денежное обязательство
- договорные обязательства
- долговое обязательство
- долгосрочные обязательства
- заёмное обязательство
- налоговые обязательства - солидарные обязательства
- страховое обязательство
- условное обязательство
- финансовое обязательство
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United States — a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with… … Universalium
HUSBAND AND WIFE — The act of marriage creates certain rights and duties between husband and wife. In performing them, both parties have to conduct themselves according to the following rules, comprising the fundamental principles for the relationship between… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
MAINTENANCE — (Heb. מְזוֹנוֹת, mezonot), generally speaking, the supply of all the necessaries of the party entitled thereto, i.e., not only food, but also matters such as medical expenses, raiment, lodging, etc. (Sh. Ar., EH 73:7; see husband and wife ). When … Encyclopedia of Judaism
India — /in dee euh/, n. 1. Hindi, Bharat. a republic in S Asia: a union comprising 25 states and 7 union territories; formerly a British colony; gained independence Aug. 15, 1947; became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations Jan. 26, 1950.… … Universalium
TAXATION — This article is arranged according to the following outline: historical aspects legal aspects the biblical period the talmudic period the post talmudic period in general yardsticks of tax assessment taxable property Place of Residence, Business,… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Conversion (law) — For other uses of the word conversion , see Conversion. Conversion is a common law tort. A conversion is a voluntary act by one person inconsistent with the ownership rights of another.[1] It is a tort of strict liability.[2] Its criminal… … Wikipedia
United Kingdom — a kingdom in NW Europe, consisting of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: formerly comprising Great Britain and Ireland 1801 1922. 58,610,182; 94,242 sq. mi. (244,100 sq. km). Cap.: London. Abbr.: U.K. Official name, United Kingdom of Great… … Universalium